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Essay 1: [A] A study showed that after a car accident involving head trauma, man...

Nov 8, 2023

Essay 1: [A] A study showed that after a car accident involving head trauma, many patients complain of similar symptoms. The most common of these symptoms are headache, dizziness, difficulty reading, and difficulty understanding what has been said to them. Discuss three possible areas of the brain that could be affected and why each affected area could cause the observed symptoms. [B] Similar symptoms are found in employees of an industrial company. A researcher hired to analyze the symptoms believes a chemical, rather than head trauma, may be the cause. Design and describe a study the researcher could perform to test this hypothesis. In your description, you should include a description of how each of the following would apply to your study. • Population • Subject selection • Illusory correlation • Correlation coefficient • Potential confounding variable • Ethics

answer: [A] Three possible areas of the brain that could be affected after a car accident involving head trauma are the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.

Key Concept

Brain areas affected by head trauma

Explanation

Head trauma can result in damage to different areas of the brain, leading to various symptoms. In this case, the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe are potential areas that could be affected.

Key Concept

Frontal lobe and observed symptoms

Explanation

Damage to the frontal lobe can cause headaches and difficulties in understanding what has been said. The frontal lobe is involved in language processing and comprehension.

Key Concept

Temporal lobe and observed symptoms

Explanation

Damage to the temporal lobe can result in dizziness and difficulty reading. The temporal lobe plays a crucial role in visual processing and reading abilities.

Key Concept

Occipital lobe and observed symptoms

Explanation

Damage to the occipital lobe can lead to visual disturbances, which may contribute to difficulties in reading and understanding visual information. answer: [B] To test the hypothesis that a chemical may be causing the symptoms in employees of an industrial company, the researcher could design and perform a study as follows: 1. Population: The population would consist of employees working in the industrial company who have reported similar symptoms. 2. Subject selection: A random sample of employees would be selected from the population to participate in the study. This random selection would ensure that the sample is representative of the entire population. 3. Illusory correlation: The researcher should be cautious of any illusory correlations, which are false perceptions of a relationship between variables. They should carefully analyze the data to avoid drawing incorrect conclusions. 4. Correlation coefficient: The researcher could calculate the correlation coefficient to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the reported symptoms and the potential chemical exposure. This statistical measure would provide insights into the association between the variables. 5. Potential confounding variable: The researcher should consider and control for potential confounding variables that could influence the relationship between the symptoms and the chemical exposure. For example, age, gender, and other occupational factors could be confounding variables that need to be accounted for in the study design and analysis. 6. Ethics: The researcher should ensure that the study follows ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed consent from the participants, maintaining confidentiality, and minimizing any potential harm or discomfort to the participants.

Key Concept

Designing a study to test a hypothesis

Explanation

When testing a hypothesis, it is important to carefully design a study that addresses the research question. This involves considering the population, subject selection, potential confounding variables, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations.

Key Concept

Correlation coefficient

Explanation

The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It can help determine the extent to which the reported symptoms are associated with the potential chemical exposure.

Key Concept

Potential confounding variables

Explanation

Confounding variables are factors that can influence the relationship between the variables being studied. In this case, the researcher should consider and control for potential confounding variables, such as age, gender, and other occupational factors, to ensure accurate results.

Key Concept

Ethics in research

Explanation

Ethical considerations are crucial in research. Researchers must obtain informed consent, maintain participant confidentiality, and minimize any potential harm or discomfort to the participants. Adhering to ethical guidelines ensures the well-being and rights of the individuals involved in the study.

What are the potential confounding variables that the researcher should consider in their study on the industrial company employees?, Generate me a similar question

Essay 2: Often misunderstood, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a psychological disorder affecting approximately 1.5 percent of the population. In addition to treating the disorder, psychologists work to identify its nature and origin, as well as help parents work with their affected child. • Identify two characteristic symptoms used to diagnose ASD. • Discuss two risk factors associated with the potential for ASD. Describe one medical treatment and identify a risk inherent in the use of this treatment in ASD. • Describe one psychological treatment for ASD. • People sometimes confuse ASD with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Identify two characteristics that differentiate ADHD from autism spectrum disorder.

answer: Two characteristic symptoms used to diagnose ASD are: 1. Impaired social interaction: Individuals with ASD often have difficulty in social interactions and may struggle with understanding and responding to social cues. They may have limited eye contact, difficulty in initiating or maintaining conversations, and lack of interest in sharing experiences or emotions with others. 2. Restricted and repetitive behaviors: People with ASD may engage in repetitive behaviors or have restricted interests. They may exhibit repetitive movements such as hand flapping or rocking, have a strong adherence to routines, and show intense focus on specific topics or objects.

Key Concept

Characteristic symptoms of ASD

Explanation

These symptoms are commonly observed in individuals with ASD and are used as diagnostic criteria to identify the disorder. Impaired social interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors are key features that differentiate ASD from other psychological disorders. answer: Two risk factors associated with the potential for ASD are: 1. Genetic factors: Research suggests that there is a strong genetic component to ASD. Individuals with a family history of ASD are at a higher risk of developing the disorder. Certain genetic mutations and variations have been identified as potential risk factors for ASD. 2. Environmental factors: Prenatal and early childhood environmental factors have also been linked to the development of ASD. Exposure to certain toxins, maternal infections during pregnancy, and complications during birth are some examples of environmental factors that may increase the risk of ASD.

Key Concept

Risk factors for ASD

Explanation

Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of ASD. Understanding these risk factors can help in identifying individuals who may be at a higher risk and implementing appropriate interventions. answer: One medical treatment for ASD is medication, such as antipsychotic drugs. These medications are sometimes prescribed to manage specific symptoms associated with ASD, such as aggression, irritability, and repetitive behaviors. However, there is a risk of side effects associated with the use of these medications, including weight gain, sedation, and movement disorders.

Key Concept

Medical treatment for ASD

Explanation

Medication can be used as a part of the treatment plan for individuals with ASD to manage certain symptoms. However, it is important to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of medication and closely monitor any side effects. answer: One psychological treatment for ASD is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). ABA is a therapeutic approach that focuses on teaching and reinforcing desired behaviors while reducing problematic behaviors. It involves breaking down skills into smaller steps and using positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors. ABA can be tailored to the individual's specific needs and can be implemented in various settings, such as home, school, or therapy centers.

Key Concept

Psychological treatment for ASD

Explanation

ABA is a widely used and evidence-based approach for treating ASD. It aims to improve social, communication, and adaptive skills in individuals with ASD by systematically teaching and reinforcing appropriate behaviors. answer: Two characteristics that differentiate ADHD from autism spectrum disorder are: 1. Hyperactivity and impulsivity: ADHD is characterized by excessive motor activity and impulsivity. Individuals with ADHD may have difficulty sitting still, constantly fidget or squirm, and often interrupt or blurt out answers before the question is complete. In contrast, individuals with ASD may not necessarily exhibit hyperactivity or impulsivity. 2. Social communication difficulties: While both ADHD and ASD involve challenges in social interactions, individuals with ASD typically have more pronounced difficulties in social communication. They may struggle with understanding nonverbal cues, maintaining conversations, and forming meaningful relationships. In ADHD, social difficulties may be present but are not as central to the diagnosis as they are in ASD.

Key Concept

Differentiating ADHD from ASD

Explanation

Hyperactivity and impulsivity are key features of ADHD, while social communication difficulties are more prominent in ASD. Understanding these differences can help in accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention planning.

What are the characteristic symptoms used to diagnose autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?, Generate me a similar question