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In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response...
Nov 16, 2023
In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was
(A) a conditioned stimulus (B) a conditioned response (C) an unconditioned stimulus
(D) an unconditioned response (E) a secondary reinforcer
C
Key Concept
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Explanation
In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the food is considered an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically triggers the salivation response without prior conditioning.
Researchers conducted a naturalistic study of children between the ages of 5 and 7 years. The researchers visited classrooms during class party celebrations. As a measure of hyperactivity, they recorded the number of times children left their seats. The researchers found a strong positive correlation between sugary snacks offered at the parties and hyperactivity. Based on these findings, the researchers concluded that sugar causes hyperactivity.
A. How might the following explain why people may easily accept the conclusion of the study described above?
Confirmation bias
Answer
Confirmation bias may lead people to easily accept the conclusion of the study because it aligns with their pre-existing beliefs about sugar and behavior.
Key Concept
Confirmation Bias
Explanation
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. In the context of the study described, if people already believe that sugar causes hyperactivity in children, they are more likely to accept the study's conclusion without critically evaluating the methodology or considering alternative explanations for the observed behavior. This bias can lead to the acceptance of conclusions that may not be fully supported by the evidence.
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