BIOLO-https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/menz136

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/menz13692.6根据introduction和conclusion部分

你好，春凝！你提到的链接是关于某个学术文章的，我无法直接访问外部网站。不过，我可以帮助你理解文章的引言和结论部分的内容。你能告诉我这篇文章的主题或主要观点吗？这样我可以更好地帮助你！

Abstract It’s a well known fact that land(scape) degradation is an ensemble of negative processes extending over immense areas. The methodologies of physical and social geography are the best tools for the investigation of land degradation processes, due to the complex nature of these processes. It is well known that environmental factors contribute to land degradation processes. Socio-economic factors and the role of human society is equally important, and in some cases, even more important, than natural factors. Degradation processes within subhumid, semi-arid and arid areas are defined as desertification processes to draw attention to the specific dangerous situation in these areas. Hungary signed the Convention on Desertification, as increasing aridity is a real national danger, especially on the DanubeTisza interfluve. There are areas in Hungary corresponding to desertification definitions. Thus, desertification research is an important challenge for Hungarian geography. Key words: water erosion, land degradation, desertificaton, Danube–Tisza interfluve Introduction The degradation of the Earth’s surface (i.e. land degradation) is one of the most severe problems of our times. The concept of land degradation originates from soil degradation and it is often used as a synonym for soil degradation. It is evident that if soil is degraded it has huge impacts on both the land and landscape, because soil degradation prevents or impedes plant growth. Land and soil are not identical notions, but they are often used interchangeably. To avoid this confusion, I propose to use the term ‘landscape degradation.’ Landscape degradation means much more than just the degradation of the uppermost layer of the Earth’s crust. It means the decline of all landscape forming factors and of their synthesis, which is called landscape in physical geography and landscape ecology. Landscape ecology and physical geography deal with various aspects of landscape development (Tóth, A.–Szalai, Z. 2007). However, despite its importance, few scientific papers in Hungary report degradation processes.

你好，春凝！你提到的文章摘要和引言部分讨论了土地退化的问题，特别是在匈牙利的沙漠化过程。文章强调了环境因素和社会经济因素在土地退化中的重要性，指出在某些情况下，人类社会的作用甚至比自然因素更为重要。土地退化不仅仅是土壤退化，它还涉及到整个景观的退化，这影响了植物的生长和生态系统的健康。文章提到，匈牙利签署了沙漠化公约，因为日益增加的干旱对国家构成了真实的威胁，尤其是在多瑙河-提萨河之间的地区。如果你对这篇文章的某个具体部分有疑问，或者想深入了解某个概念，请告诉我！

Abstract It’s a well known fact that land(scape) degradation is an ensemble of negative processes extending over immense areas. The methodologies of physical and social geography are the best tools for the investigation of land degradation processes, due to the complex nature of these processes. It is well known that environmental factors contribute to land degradation processes. Socio-economic factors and the role of human society is equally important, and in some cases, even more important, than natural factors. Degradation processes within subhumid, semi-arid and arid areas are defined as desertification processes to draw attention to the specific dangerous situation in these areas. Hungary signed the Convention on Desertification, as increasing aridity is a real national danger, especially on the DanubeTisza interfluve. There are areas in Hungary corresponding to desertification definitions. Thus, desertification research is an important challenge for Hungarian geography. Key words: water erosion, land degradation, desertificaton, Danube–Tisza interfluve Introduction The degradation of the Earth’s surface (i.e. land degradation) is one of the most severe problems of our times. The concept of land degradation originates from soil degradation and it is often used as a synonym for soil degradation. It is evident that if soil is degraded it has huge impacts on both the land and landscape, because soil degradation prevents or impedes plant growth. Land and soil are not identical notions, but they are often used interchangeably. To avoid this confusion, I propose to use the term ‘landscape degradation.’ Landscape degradation means much more than just the degradation of the uppermost layer of the Earth’s crust. It means the decline of all landscape forming factors and of their synthesis, which is called landscape in physical geography and landscape ecology. Landscape ecology and physical geography deal with various aspects of landscape development (Tóth, A.–Szalai, Z. 2007). However, despite its importance, few scientific papers in Hungary report degradation processes.Conclusions Land (landscape) degradation is an ensemble of negative processes extending over immense areas. The methodologies of physical and social geography are the best tools for the investigation of land degradation processes, due to the complex nature of these processes. It is well known that environmental factors contribute to land degradation processes. Socio-economic factors and the role of human society is equally important, and in some cases, even more important, than natural factors. Land degradation was first appreciated by soil science as where the possibilities of agricultural use on degraded land are restricted or prevented because of soil degradation. Various forms of soil degradation are striking phenomena themselves, with saline areas being a good example. If the degraded area is not used for agricultural production, then the degradation of natural vegetation can also be striking. Land(scape) degradation processes are also present in Hungary, offering a major challenge to Hungarian geography. Degradation processes within subhumid, semi-arid and arid areas are defi ned as desertifi cation processes to draw attention to the specifi c dangerous situation in these areas. The poorest regions of the Earth belong to here, totalling 40% of the Earth’s surface. These regions are continuously struggling with famine. There is debate about the defi nition of desertifi cation. Should the threshold values of the P/ETP index be taken literally, in which case the term desertifi cation does not refer to desert formation? Or should the defi nition relate to the possibility of desert formation? Or it should it be restricted to those territories where the result of desertifi cation will or may really lead to desert conditions? Hungary signed the Convention on Desertifi cation, as increasing aridity is a real national danger, especially on the Danube-Tisza interfl uve. There are areas in Hungary corresponding to desertifi cation defi nitions. Thus, desertifi cation research is an important challenge for Hungarian geography. 29 Because of the complexity of the processes, future desertifi cation research should concentrate on revealing all environmental and landscape ecological aspects of the problem, aimed at presenting a full ecological synthesis of the landscape. Based on this synthesis, precise and practical suggestions should be developed on how to arrest land degradation, or how to redirect it towards positive directions, that is towards landscape reclamation and rehabilitation. 我要在小组汇报中负责文章的introduction和conclusion部分(如上)的汇报，时长五分钟，为我准备一份ppt大纲

你好，春凝！为了帮助你准备关于文章引言和结论部分的汇报，我为你设计了一个PPT大纲。这个大纲将帮助你在五分钟内清晰地传达主要观点。 PPT大纲 # 幻灯片1：标题页 - 文章标题 - 你的名字 - 日期 # 幻灯片2：引言概述 - 土地退化的定义 - 土地退化与土壤退化的关系 - 使用“景观退化”一词的原因 - 重要性 - 对植物生长和生态系统的影响 # 幻灯片3：土地退化的原因 - 环境因素 - 社会经济因素 - 人类社会的作用 - 退化过程的复杂性 # 幻灯片4：匈牙利的沙漠化问题 - 沙漠化的定义 - 匈牙利签署沙漠化公约的背景 - 多瑙河-提萨河之间的干旱威胁 # 幻灯片5：结论概述 - 土地退化的综合性 - 未来研究的方向 - 生态综合分析 - 提出具体的恢复和修复建议 # 幻灯片6：讨论与提问 - 邀请听众提问 - 讨论土地退化的影响和解决方案希望这个大纲能帮助你顺利完成汇报！如果你需要更详细的信息或有其他问题，请告诉我！

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