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Answer: D Important Concept: Judicial Review, Constitutionality Key Concept: KC-...

Aug 25, 2023

Question 1 Question 1 refers to the following passage from Marbury v. Madison (1803): “So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty.” Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the concept of judicial review, as established by Marbury v. Madison? A The Supreme Court should review laws that conflict with the Constitution but cannot declare a law is unconstitutional. B When the law and Constitution conflict, it is impossible to know which takes precedent. C When the law and Constitution conflict, the Supreme Court will always rule in favor of the law. D The Supreme Court should review laws that conflict with the Constitution and can strike down a law as unconstitutional.

Answer: D Important Concept: Judicial Review, Constitutionality Key Concept: KC-1.3.II The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. Explanation: The passage from Marbury v. Madison is essentially describing the concept of judicial review. This is the power of the Supreme Court to review laws and determine whether or not they are in conflict with the Constitution. If a law is found to be in conflict with the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to strike it down, or declare it unconstitutional. This is a fundamental principle of the U.S. legal system and is a key aspect of the checks and balances that exist between the three branches of government. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it accurately summarizes this concept.

Question 2 Questions 2–4 refer to the following excerpt from a letter by Henry Clay in 1812: “But if the reports which we now hear are true, that with England all hope of honorable accommodation is at an end, and that with France our negotiations are in a fowardness encouraging expectations of a favorable result, where is the motive for longer delay? The final step ought to be taken; and that step is WAR. By what course of measures we have reached the present crisis, is not now a question for freemen and patriots to discuss. It exists; and it is by open and manly war only that we can get through it with honor and advantage to the country. Our wrongs have been great; our cause is just; and if we are decided and firm, success is inevitable.” Which of the following factors led to the War of 1812? A A Canadian invasion of New England. B Growing American involvement in European commerce and affairs. C The destruction of the White House by British ships. D A Spanish invasion of California.

Answer: B Important Concept: War of 1812, American Foreign Policy Key Concept: KC-4.3.II: In the early 19th century, national and regional cultures developed along the lines of political, social, economic, and cultural differences, leading to political debates over the expansion of slavery, compromises, and differing views on the American identity. Explanation: The War of 1812 was primarily caused by growing American involvement in European commerce and affairs. The United States was trying to assert its rights as a neutral nation during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France. However, both nations disregarded American neutrality and infringed upon American maritime rights. The British Royal Navy, in particular, was notorious for impressing American sailors (forcing them into service). These actions, along with other issues such as British support for Native American tribes against American expansion in the West, led to increasing calls for war in the United States. Henry Clay, quoted in the excerpt, was one of the so-called "War Hawks" in Congress who advocated for war against Britain. The War of 1812 was not caused by a Canadian invasion of New England, the destruction of the White House by British ships (which happened during the war, not before it), or a Spanish invasion of California.

Questions 2–4 refer to the following excerpt from a letter by Henry Clay in 1812: “But if the reports which we now hear are true, that with England all hope of honorable accommodation is at an end, and that with France our negotiations are in a fowardness encouraging expectations of a favorable result, where is the motive for longer delay? The final step ought to be taken; and that step is WAR. By what course of measures we have reached the present crisis, is not now a question for freemen and patriots to discuss. It exists; and it is by open and manly war only that we can get through it with honor and advantage to the country. Our wrongs have been great; our cause is just; and if we are decided and firm, success is inevitable.” What impact did the War of 1812 have an American nationalism? A The war reduced nationalism because it was a decisive defeat for America. B Although the war was a decisive defeat, it had no impact on American nationalism. C Although the conflict was indecisive, it boosted American nationalism. D Although the war was a decisive victory, it had no impact on American nationalism.

Answer: C Important Concept: War of 1812, American Nationalism Key Concept: KC-4.3.II The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States and its allies, and the United Kingdom and its dependent colonies in North America and its Native American allies. The outcome of the conflict was a stalemate, but it demonstrated the growing sense of American nationalism. Explanation: The War of 1812, although not a decisive victory for either side, had a significant impact on American nationalism. The war was seen as a "second war of independence" against Britain and despite the fact that it ended in a draw, it gave Americans a sense of pride and unity. The war also led to the end of Federalist opposition to the war, which had been a source of division within the country. The successful defense against the British invasions, particularly the Battle of New Orleans, boosted American morale and patriotism. Therefore, the War of 1812 boosted American nationalism.

Questions 2–4 refer to the following excerpt from a letter by Henry Clay in 1812: “But if the reports which we now hear are true, that with England all hope of honorable accommodation is at an end, and that with France our negotiations are in a fowardness encouraging expectations of a favorable result, where is the motive for longer delay? The final step ought to be taken; and that step is WAR. By what course of measures we have reached the present crisis, is not now a question for freemen and patriots to discuss. It exists; and it is by open and manly war only that we can get through it with honor and advantage to the country. Our wrongs have been great; our cause is just; and if we are decided and firm, success is inevitable.” What impact did the War of 1812 have on American politics? A It ushered in the Era of Good Feelings. B It led to the birth of the Free Soil party. C It had no effect on American politics. D It caused many Americans to be abstain from voting.

Answer: A Important Concept: War of 1812, Era of Good Feelings Key Concept: KC-4.3.II The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States and its allies, and the United Kingdom and its dependent Indian allies. It began when the U.S. declared war in 1812 and ended in a stalemate when the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1814. Explanation: The War of 1812 had a significant impact on American politics as it ushered in the "Era of Good Feelings." This period, which lasted from 1815 to 1825, was marked by a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812. The war had stirred up a strong sense of nationalism and pride among the American people, and this was reflected in the political landscape. The Federalist Party, which had been in decline, disappeared completely after the war, leaving the Democratic-Republican Party as the only major party and thus eliminating serious partisan conflict. This led to a period of political cooperation and national consensus, which is why it is referred to as the "Era of Good Feelings."

Questions 5–7 refer to the following excerpt from Last of Mohicans (1826) by James Fennimore Cooper: “A wide and apparently an impervious boundary of forests severed the possessions of the hostile provinces of France and England. The hardy colonist, and the trained European who fought at his side, frequently expended months in struggling against the rapids of the streams, or in effecting the rugged passes of the mountains, in quest of an opportunity to exhibit their courage in a more martial conflict. But, emulating the patience and self-denial of the practised native warriors, they learned to overcome every difficulty..." The above passage highlights which of the following features of Romantic literature from the 19th century? A Logic and reason. B Emotion and naturalism. C Classicalism and realism. D Surrealism and post-modernism.

Answer: B Important Concept: Romanticism, Naturalism Key Concept: KC-4.1.II In the early 19th century, national cultural development was influenced by the Romantic movement, which focused on emotion, nature, and the power of the individual. Explanation: The passage from Last of the Mohicans by James Fennimore Cooper is a prime example of Romantic literature from the 19th century. Romanticism was a literary and artistic movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and appreciation of the natural world, often in response to the Industrial Revolution's mechanization and urbanization. The passage describes the struggle and courage of the colonists and European soldiers against the natural elements, highlighting their emotional journey and the grandeur of the natural world, which are key features of Romantic literature. Therefore, the answer is B, Emotion and naturalism.

Questions 5–7 refer to the following excerpt from Last of Mohicans (1826) by James Fennimore Cooper: “A wide and apparently an impervious boundary of forests severed the possessions of the hostile provinces of France and England. The hardy colonist, and the trained European who fought at his side, frequently expended months in struggling against the rapids of the streams, or in effecting the rugged passes of the mountains, in quest of an opportunity to exhibit their courage in a more martial conflict. But, emulating the patience and self-denial of the practised native warriors, they learned to overcome every difficulty..." What did the Romantic movement reveal about American culture? A It showed European influence on American culture. B It showed American influence on European culture. C It demonstrated that American culture never changes. D It revealed that Americans had no culture because they refused to participate in the Romantic movement.

Answer: A Important Concept: Romanticism, Cultural Exchange Key Concept: KC-4.1.II: In the early 19th century, national cultural movements, including religious and romantic movements, gave rise to distinctive regional attitudes toward the role of religion and the value of personal expression. Explanation: The Romantic movement, which originated in Europe in the late 18th century, had a significant influence on American culture. This movement emphasized emotion, individualism, and appreciation of nature, which can be seen in the excerpt from "Last of the Mohicans". The hardy colonists and European soldiers are depicted as overcoming the harsh wilderness, showing both the Romantic ideal of man's struggle against nature and the influence of European cultural movements on American culture. Therefore, the Romantic movement revealed the European influence on American culture, making option A the correct answer.

Question 7 Questions 5–7 refer to the following excerpt from Last of Mohicans (1826) by James Fennimore Cooper: “A wide and apparently an impervious boundary of forests severed the possessions of the hostile provinces of France and England. The hardy colonist, and the trained European who fought at his side, frequently expended months in struggling against the rapids of the streams, or in effecting the rugged passes of the mountains, in quest of an opportunity to exhibit their courage in a more martial conflict. But, emulating the patience and self-denial of the practised native warriors, they learned to overcome every difficulty..." The Romantic movement can best be characterized as a reaction against what contemporary 19th century phenomenon? A The greed of mercantilism. B The homogeneity of political globalization. C The mechanization of the Industrial Revolution. D The heroism of nationalism

Answer: C Important Concept: Romanticism, Industrial Revolution Key Concept: KC-5.2.II The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change. Explanation: The Romantic movement, which emerged in the late 18th century as a reaction against the Industrial Revolution, emphasized emotion, imagination, and the beauty of the natural world. This was in stark contrast to the mechanization and dehumanization that characterized the Industrial Revolution. The excerpt from "Last of the Mohicans" reflects this romantic idealization of nature and the noble struggle against it. Therefore, the Romantic movement can best be characterized as a reaction against the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution.

Questions 8–9 refer to the following excerpt from a memoir written by Cadwallader Colden in 1825 about the Erie Canal: “In November, of the same year, the Sally and Mary, a boat of sixty or seventy tons, …had passed into the Canal, by the locks at Waterloo and the Seneca River…The vessel was not only received as the precursor of a commerce, which will be unlimited in its extent and importance, but as an interesting evidence of the ingenuity and enterprise of our countrymen. Her timbers grew near where she was built…her cargo was the produce of the fields from whence she sprung…her sails and rigging even, were emphatically domestic manufactures, for they were grown, and made, at the homes of her owners.” What significant consequences did improvements during the Transportation Revolution, such as the Erie Canal, have on the American economy? A Canals stimulated the construction of boats which led to a major economic boom. B Canal construction encouraged new inventions which boosted productivity. C It had little impact on the economy because canals were quickly surpassed by automobiles and airplanes. D Canals helped connect the regional and national economics.

Answer: D Important Concept: Transportation Revolution, Economic Development Key Concept: KC-5.1.III The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society and workers’ lives. Explanation: The Erie Canal, as part of the Transportation Revolution, had a significant impact on the American economy. It connected the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean, and thus, the Midwest with the East Coast. This allowed for the easier and cheaper transportation of goods and people, which in turn stimulated trade and economic growth. It helped to connect regional economies into a national economy, leading to increased economic interdependence. This is reflected in the excerpt, where the boat is described as a symbol of domestic commerce and industry. The canal did not just stimulate boat construction (A) or encourage new inventions (B), but had a broader impact on the economy as a whole. The statement that canals had little impact because they were surpassed by automobiles and airplanes (C) is incorrect because, during the time period in question, canals were a major mode of transportation and had a significant impact on the economy.

Questions 8–9 refer to the following excerpt from a memoir written by Cadwallader Colden in 1825 about the Erie Canal: “In November, of the same year, the Sally and Mary, a boat of sixty or seventy tons, …had passed into the Canal, by the locks at Waterloo and the Seneca River…The vessel was not only received as the precursor of a commerce, which will be unlimited in its extent and importance, but as an interesting evidence of the ingenuity and enterprise of our countrymen. Her timbers grew near where she was built…her cargo was the produce of the fields from whence she sprung…her sails and rigging even, were emphatically domestic manufactures, for they were grown, and made, at the homes of her owners.” Did all regions of the country benefit equally from the Transportation Revolution? A Yes — extensive canals, roads, and railroads were built throughout the nation. B Yes — but only a few miles of canals and roads were built during this period. C No — the North and old Northwest benefitted the most. D No — the South lagged behind the North and Old Northwest so most of the improvements were constructed to help the South catch up.

Answer: C Important Concept: Transportation Revolution, Regional Development Key Concept: KC-4.1.II The new transportation systems significantly influenced the development of new markets and the national economy, most notably in the North and Midwest. Explanation: The Transportation Revolution, which included the construction of extensive canals, roads, and railroads, did not benefit all regions of the country equally. The North and the old Northwest benefitted the most from these developments. This was due to the fact that these regions had a more diversified economy that was rapidly industrializing, and thus they had a greater need for improved transportation to move goods and people. The South, on the other hand, was primarily agrarian and relied heavily on the plantation system and slave labor. Therefore, the South did not have as much of a need for, nor did it benefit as much from, the improved transportation systems. This regional disparity in the benefits of the Transportation Revolution contributed to the growing economic and social differences between the North and South, which would eventually lead to the Civil War.

Questions 10–12 refer to the following excerpt from Harriet Robinson’s memoir about life in Lowell, Mass., during the early 19th century: “In 1831 Lowell was little more than a factory village. Several corporations were started, and the cotton-mills belonging to them were building. Help was in great demand; and stories were told all over the country of the new factory town, and the high wages that were offered to all classes of work-people, stories that reached the ears of mechanics' and farmers' sons, and gave new life to lonely and dependent women in distant towns and farmhouses.” Did all regions of the country benefit from the industrialization depicted in Robinson’s memoir? A Yes — many factories in different industries were built throughout the nation. B Yes — but only a few textile factories were built. C No — the Southern economy had lagged behind the North and Old Northwest so they built more factories in order to catch up. D No — the South had less capital to invest and focused on agricultural economic activity.

Answer: D Important Concept: Industrialization, Regional Economic Differences Key Concept: KC-5.2.II In the early 19th century, national economic development affected U.S. society by promoting the growth of cities and reshaping economic relationships among the Northeast, the South, and the West. Explanation: The industrialization of the early 19th century, as depicted in Robinson's memoir, did not benefit all regions of the country equally. The South, in particular, had less capital to invest in industrialization and instead focused on agricultural economic activity, primarily the cultivation of cotton. This was due in part to the institution of slavery, which made large-scale agricultural operations profitable. The South's economy was therefore less diversified than that of the North and Old Northwest, which had a mix of agriculture and industry. As a result, the South lagged behind in industrial development and did not experience the same economic growth as other regions during this period.