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Questions 1-4 refer to the excerpts below. “Those whose condition is such that ...

Oct 7, 2023

Questions 1-4 refer to the excerpts below. “Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus.” Juan de Sepulveda, 1522 “When Latin American nations gained independence in the 19th century, those two strains converged, and merged with an older, more universalist, natural law tradition. The result was a distinctively Latin American form of rights discourse. Paolo Carozza traces the roots of that discourse to a distinctive application, and extension, of Thomistic moral philosophy to the injustices of Spanish conquests in the New World. The key figure in that development seems to have been Bartolomé de Las Casas, a 16th-century Spanish bishop who condemned slavery and championed the cause of Indians on the basis of a natural right to liberty grounded in their membership in a single common humanity. ‘All the peoples of the world are humans,’ Las Casas wrote, and ‘all the races of humankind are one.’ According to Brian Tierney, Las Casas and other Spanish Dominican philosophers laid the groundwork for a doctrine of natural rights that was independent of religious revelation ‘by drawing on a juridical tradition that derived natural rights and natural law from human rationality and free will, and by appealing to Aristotelian philosophy.’” Mary Ann Glendon, “The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the Universal Human Rights Idea,” 2003 "1. The above excerpts support which one of the following generalizations? (A)After European and Latin American populations interacted economically, most Europeans were more compassionate toward the interests of nonwhites. (B)There was some degree of debate by Spanish explorers over how to treat natives in the New World. (C)The appeal to natural rights and natural law succeeded in abolishing slavery in the New World. (D)The European belief in white superiority was used to justify the doctrine of natural rights." 2. Which one of the following statements about the Spanish conquest of the Americas is most accurate? (A) African slavery was a direct result of Spanish settlements in Florida. (B) Early native civilizations in Mexico introduced Spanish explorers to cattle ranching and wheat cultivation. (C) Christopher Columbus was not the first European to have explored North America. (D) Because of racial prejudice, Spanish explorers shunned intermarriage with native people. 3. Which of the following presidents was most involved in Latin American politics in the 20th century? (A) James K. Polk (B) James Monroe (C) Theodore Roosevelt (D) Chester Arthur 4. Maize cultivation among the native peoples of Mexico is most analogous to which of the following? (A) Buffalo hunting among the Lakota Sioux (B) Wolf domestication by the Algonquians (C) Mixed agriculture among the Iroquois (D) Seal hunting among the Inuit

Key Concept

KC-1.1.II.C The Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied by debates over the nature of the indigenous peoples, debates that had implications for the treatment of those people.

Explanation

The excerpts show a debate between Juan de Sepulveda, who believed that some people were naturally slaves, and Bartolomé de Las Casas, who argued for the natural rights of all humans, including the indigenous peoples of the Americas. This indicates that there was some degree of debate among the Spanish about how to treat the natives in the New World.

What were the views of Juan de Sepulveda and Bartolomé de Las Casas?, How did these views impact the treatment of indigenous peoples?, What is the doctrine of natural rights?

Key Concept

KC-1.1.II.A The voyages of Christopher Columbus initiated widespread contact between Europeans and indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Explanation

While Christopher Columbus is often credited with discovering America, he was not the first European to explore North America. The Norse, led by Leif Erikson, had established a settlement in Newfoundland, Canada, around AD 1000, nearly 500 years before Columbus's first voyage.

Who was the first European to explore North America?, What was the impact of Christopher Columbus's voyages?, What were the interactions between Europeans and indigenous peoples?

Key Concept

KC-7.1.II.C In the early 20th century, U.S. involvement in Latin America, under the terms of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, often involved military intervention to protect American economic interests.

Explanation

Theodore Roosevelt was heavily involved in Latin American politics during his presidency, particularly through the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted the right of the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations to preserve stability and protect American interests.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?, How did Theodore Roosevelt influence Latin American politics?, What were the impacts of U.S. involvement in Latin America?

Key Concept

KC-1.1.I.A The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.

Explanation

Maize cultivation was a key part of the agricultural practices of many native peoples in the Americas, including those in Mexico. This is most analogous to the mixed agriculture practiced by the Iroquois, which also involved the cultivation of staple crops.

What was the role of maize cultivation in native societies?, How did agriculture practices differ among native peoples?, What was the impact of maize cultivation on the development of societies?